Theories of Crime Causation Essay example - 1589 Words

Major Theories of Crime Causation Robert Lincoln CJ 102-02 Kaplan University August 4, 2013 Major Theories of Crime Causation Various units contain a number of theories that try to explain the causes of crime in the society. The theories have been developed to have an in-depth understanding of the crime and how best they can be addressed to ensure that humans live in a conducive environment. These units and theories have been around and in use from as early as the twentieth century. Over the years, theorists and researchers have engaged their minds in trying to find answers and possibly cab the high level of crime that the world faces today (Siegel, 2010). Many of the theories developed give varying analytical statistics on the†¦show more content†¦Since a human being is a rational actor, where rationality involves ends and means, it includes also calculations (Goodwin, 2005). In line with this people tend to choose freely behavior, both conforming and deviant basing on the rational calculations they made prior to their choosing behavior patterns. This means that t he rational choices are very important in determining how an individual behaves over a long period. This is because the rational choices are part and parcel of the individual`s life in terms of survival. It is understood that the central element of calculation concerning this matter involves a cost benefit analysis; this is where a choice has to be arrived between pleasure and pain. Fundamentally, when all other circumstances are the same, the choice made will be moved towards the intensification of a person`s preference; at this point perception and understanding of potential pain or punishment involved following the choice made, controls the very choice prioritized. Studies reveal that lucid choice sprung from older and more investigational groups of theoretical contiguous of experiential verdicts of various technical examinations related to the mechanisms of human nature. This theory borrows concepts of economics to emphasize on non-contributory motives for crime basing on the li mited and more bounded nature of the lucid process associated with the theory. Trait theory:Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Crime Causation871 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the important goals to criminology is to create valid and accurate theories of crime causation. A theory could be defined as a statement that explains why a certain circumstance does not happen. A valid theory should always have the ability to predict future occurrences of the circumstance in question and also have the ability to be tested (Siegel, 2013). Even though there was talk on the code of law and how crime should be handled from years ago, according to Siegel, the science of criminologyRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime Causation Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages Theories of Crime Causation Dolores Jackson Williams Colorado Technical University Juvenile offender 1. Biological theory states that the individual will have certain traits will be transmitted from parent to children through genetics and not from social learning. Along with the juvenile having similar facial characteristics, which some believe also predisposes them to criminal behavior (Palmerin, 2012). 2. Rational choice theory states that the person will make sensible and reasonableRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime Causation Theory1648 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Within this document, we will examine Social Bonding theory. We will define what that theory is, then explain why crimes occurs and the reason why crime causation theory is currently relevant and effective. Since this is important to the public safety organization, we hope that when the document is complete, we will have a better understanding of crime causation and if there are additional ways to identify how it may be applied to circumstances on and off the job. But, we also need toRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime Causation1076 Words   |  5 Pages This paper will examine the three main theories of crime causation which comprise the Criminological Theory as well as provide some examples of each. The three main theories of crime causation are biological, sociological and psychological. Each of the three theories have come a long way since their inception and continue to be updated due to new findings through technological and medical advances. It also must be noted that these ar e theories and due to various factors and drawbacks to eachRead MoreThe Biological Theory Of Crime Causation1082 Words   |  5 PagesCrime causation is a complex and daunting field. For centuries, philosophers have pondered the meaning of the concept of cause as it pertains to human behavior. Examining why people commit crime is very important in the ongoing debate of how crime should be handled and prevented. A few of the theories that have emerged and continue to be explored are biological, sociological and psychological theories. While individually and in combination, these theories of crime causation affect human behaviorRead More†Emile Durkheim’s Theory of Crime and Crime Causation†2146 Words   |  9 PagesLaw Criminology and Penology (Law 214) Lecturer: Mr. James MAMBOLEO Topic:†Emile Durkheim’s Theory of Crime and Crime Causation† Dan KASHIRONGE _ 13j01allb043 Abstract The concept of â€Å"crime† has over the ages been subject to various definitions as the society tries to address it. Criminology is thus the study of crime and crime causation. It concerns itself with understanding the deep essence of crime as an act or omission, and all the reasons behind its occurrence. In this pursuit, criminologyRead MoreEssay on Theories of Causation of Crime and Its Solution 1250 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of criminal theory, spiritual and natural theories are taken as major theories of causation of crime. During medieval period, spiritual explanations were taken as punishment given by god for doing wrong things and any natural disasters like flood, fires, etc were evaluated as curse of high power. In modern period, the basic theories of causation of crime are classical theory, biological theory, psychological theory, cultural theory and conflict theory. The classical theory explains that freeRead MoreSociological and Psychological Theories of Crime Causation1978 Words   |  8 PagesSociological and Psychological Theories of Crime Causation The aim of this essay is to compare, contrast and evaluate two sociological theories of crime causation and two psychological theories of crime causation. Sociological Theories of crime, Labelling and Structural Functionalism/ Strain. Howard Becker is a sociologist that is often credited with the development of the labelling theory. However the origins of this theory can be traced back to sociologists at the beginning of the twentieth centuryRead MoreTheories of Crime Causation: Trait Theory and Rational Choice Theory1377 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Theories of Crime Causation: Trait Theory and Rational Choice Theory Introduction Theories of crime causation get to the fundamental characteristics of human nature. Theories of crime causation can be separated into trait theories and choice theories. Both types of theories make valid points about the causes of crime, yet they are have different implications for preventing the causes of crime. Thesis: Trait theories and choice theories both assume that humans are self-interested, but their conceptionsRead MoreRational Choice Theory: Criminology901 Words   |  4 PagesChoice theory was born out of the perspective of crime causation which states that criminality is the result of conscious choice. This theory is also known as the rational choice theory. According to this theory, the choice whether or not to commit a criminal act is the result of a rational thought process that weighs the risks of paying the costs of committing a crime, against the benefits obtained. In other words, if the benefits--monetary or otherwise--outweigh the risks of sustaining the costs

Marketing Analysis Perfect Competition - 2982 Words

Introduction Markets do not have control of how their products are sold to consumers who strive to purchase merchandise. Every market has its own particular regulations relating to how buyers purchase items and how sellers sell them. This concept aids businesses in regulating how they function and how they must operate in future. I will provide an adequate amount of information concerning perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. I will also discuss how each term is important to consumers and how it affects the market. Perfect Competition Perfect Competition is a theory of market structure based on four assumptions: there are many sellers and buyers, sellers sell a homogeneous good, buyers and sellers have all relevant information, entry into or exit from the market is easy (Arnold.214).This market structure is relatively easy to enter and exit which is convenient for anyone who wants to own a company. A perfectively competitive firm is a price taker, which is a seller that cannot control the prices of the product they sell. â€Å"There is no government interference in the market in the form of taxes, subsidies, rationing of essential goods etc.†(Dutta.63) Consumers have many substitutes if the products they want to buy become too expensive or its quality is poor. For markets to have incentives for substitute for the products will be easy because consumers will be willing to buy as long as the rules apply. (Berta, Julien, tripcou. 2012) ItShow MoreRelatedThe Strength of Competitive Analysis905 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION: Competition Theories Compete It is never doubted by academic circles and business environments that the strength of competitive analysis, if not the top, is one of the most important critical success factors in creating and managing marketing strategies. The way a business adapts to competitive environments, characteristic of its focus being self-centered, competitor-centered, customer-driven or market driven (Day and Nebugandi, 1994), will define its place in the complex marketing arenaRead MoreKudler Fine Foods: Analysis of the Market Structures and Strategic Planning1079 Words   |  4 Pagespaper presents an analysis of the market structures, strategic planning, market environment, and internal environment of Kudler Fine Food in order to suggest the best market structure which can be helpful for its long-term profitability and recommend strategies which can make it more competitive and successful among its industry rivals. Difference between Market Structures There are four types of market structures: Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly, and Perfect Competition. MonopolisticRead MoreApplication Of Theories For Business Decisions1470 Words   |  6 Pagesi will explain and analyse what is customers and to gain the greater understanding of needs, wants and attitudes of them with application of theories. Also I will explain what market is and I will discuss types of information needed to support marketing decisions. 1.What is customer? Customer is the receiver of a good, product etc. .Acquired from a seller, supplier via a transaction or exchange for money or something other valuable. External and internal customers Customers are divided intoRead MoreLenovo Strategic Plan1531 Words   |  7 PagesThis thesis practices the baud five powers model theory, the value chain theory, the core competition theory and the SWOT analysis theory to analyze and study the inner and outer surroundings of Lenovo group. Company background Lenovo Group was established in 1984 in the Chinese Beijing, the company mainly produces desktop computer, notebook computer, server, printer, palmtop computer, motherboards, mobile phone and other electronic products. Is a leading global PC business, the original LenovoRead MorePersonal Statement : The Sports Marketing Field795 Words   |  4 Pagescompetitive. I completed my major in Communication Studies with a double minor in history and marketing. I complete my undergraduate degree in three years, all while playing soccer at the D1 collegiate level. I am currently enrolled in the Master of Business Administration (MBA) program at Arkansas State University. My passion lies in promotion and marketing. I am particularly interested in social media marketing. I am scheduled to complete my degree in the spring of 2017. As graduation gets closer, IRead MoreMondavi Wineries - Strategy1081 Words   |  5 PagesI. Summary Mondavi Wineries intends to grow the company’s wine market share organically, without benefit of established wine acquisitions or joint ventures. An analysis of the industry and competition should help establish future strategic course. II.a. Barriers to Entry The industry contains excessive barriers to enter the wine production market. First, the wine industry requires quite an extensive amount of financial resources. In New World and European markets, costs of premium wine landRead MoreThe Value and Importance of Market Research Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In today’s competitive economy, marketing research is vital for a growing organization. So much so that having thoroughly gathered market information should be a prerequisite for any startup business. Market research helps a business excel by providing help with factors such as advertising, marketing, pricing, market trends, customers, competition among others. Effective market research can be so useful that a company can psychologically condition their customers to believe thatRead MoreArgument Against Perfect Competition Theory Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pages3.0 Argument against Perfect Competition Theory Theory of perfect competition has severe shortcomings that limit its application in business. Generally, its assumptions fail to hold in the real world, which makes the theory implausible as discussed below. Firstly, it assumes that buyers and sellers are price takers in the market. As such, it presumes that there are many buyers and sellers that are insignificant and equally small for the conditions of perfect competition to exist. However, in eachRead MoreRosewood Case Solution1626 Words   |  7 Pagesretention rate, make multi-cross selling and have loyal repeat buyers. Guests also tend to tie the brand of hotels that they stay before with a corporate brand that they are familiar with. Above mentioned issue signals that current trend in g and competition side is a threat for Rosewood`s future growth and profitability. Market Segment Share may be lost. Also this can be turned to an opportunity if Rosewood can shape its future strategy towards operating under Corporate Branding. Huge growth opportunitiesRead MoreEnvironment Analysis for Boost Juice Bar Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironment analysis for Boost Juice Bar Summary 1. Macro environment analysis: the major externals which affect company’s decision making, marketing strategy and performance. It includes: (1) Economic environment, the economic factors influence consumer behaviour. (2) Technological environment, externals in technology that affect company’s performance. (3) Political and legal environment, factors related to policy and law that influence company’s operation. (4) Cultural and

Negotiation reflection journal free essay sample

I played Chris Rudolph in this case, and did well in this negotiation by not only focusing on the final price, but also on the extra agreement of letting Lama provided high quality work to our company. When we started the negotiation, I suggested us to divide the total price into two parts, the first one was Market Research fee, and the second one was the Lama-Lee’s charge. After some initial discussion, I realized the Market Research fee was hard to negotiate, so I planed to put most of my effort on Lama-Lee’s fee. My negotiation partner impressed me by setting the price at $33,000, and made me think that he had to charge us at $33,000. This increased my expected level of payment a lot. Before he gave the first offer, I was thinking that I want to use the $27,000 as the start point and ask for some discount based on this price. But my partner made me feel that the $33,000 was the final payment they were targeting by listed the detailed hour rate and the hours. Thus I was in a very passive position that I felt every argument I made was asking him for a favor to give me a discount. Thus when my partner finally agreed to charge us at $27,000, I felt that I had a big win, and I agreed to bring him more projects in the future. When I came back to classroom and looked at other classmates’ outcomes, I realized that my price $27,000 was quite high, someone even settled at the price of $22,000. Then I started to think what mistake I did during this case. I believed that my major mistake was that I changed my mind too easily. When my partner made the first offer of $33,000, I just raised my own expected price from $22,000 to $27,000. Because I told myself that it was impossible for me to convince my partner take the $22,000 offer. I could do it differently by letting myself made the first offer at $22,000, and stick to the point that I need to control the budget. Maybe in that case I can also influence my partner’s expected price. Also, I learned from this case that I could be more aggressive in the negotiation. Most of my friend told me that I am a very friendly people with mild personality, and I really hate to have conflict with other people. Thus during the negotiation, I usually don’t want to push people too hard and also don’t care the final price that much. Thus I didn’t fight hard for my interest. But from my partners’ success negotiation strategy, I start to think that what if I throw out an offer that basically can let me partner walk away at the begin of the negotiation, although your partner may angry at your offer or even at you, but it may bring you a better outcome. New Recruit I did well by asking my negotiation partner as well as myself to organize the 8 issues into 3 categories: the issues we care most, the issues we care least and the issues in the middle at the beginning of the negotiation. My initial plan was that for those issues that my partner care most, and I care least, we can go extreme, say let my partner get all the points and vice vesa. Fox example, my partner, the candidate said that he cared about moving expenses coverage very much, so I agreed to provide the 100% coverage, in exchange, the candidate agreed to take the Plan E insurance coverage. By doing this, we quickly got consensus on most of the issues and figured out there were some issues we had the same goal. Also, at the same time, I was impressed by my partners’ argument during the negotiation. I knew that the salary was the major conflict issue between us. But since I did not have any other information to benchmark the salary, I actually was quite uncomfortable to argue the salary figure with my partner, because I don’t want to bluff my partner and he will find me dishonest later. But my partner just came up with several points that why my company should pay him higher, he mentioned that he had several other offers at hand and most importantly, he believed that his skill set was quite qualify with our job, he listed his strengths, how good team player he is, etc. So he deserved a higher pay. After the case debrief, I realized that all the arguments that my partner used to argue for a higher pay were not come from the case materials, he basically made up all these information by himself. And I admit that it was quite useful during this negotiation because I increased the salary I’m willing to pay based on his arguments. From my partner’s argument, I realized that even in the real negotiation, you may lack some back-up data to support your arguments at sometime, and all you can do is to rationalize your argument. It is not necessary to ask yourself to make up some fake data, but most important, how can you convince others use your logical and powerful argument. At the same time, I also realized that the negotiation partners are not always having the conflict interests during the negotiation. In this case, for some of the issues, we actually have the same goals. So baring this in mind, in the future negotiation case, I would first seek the common goals for both of us first to create a win-win situation. Moms. Com Our team approached this negotiation case in a very efficient way. Each of us had a very clearly job assignment. Two people took care of the calculation while the other two people were responsible for the negotiation. Thus we quickly built up a model and provided several options to our counterparts with different terms but same net value of the final bargaining agreement to our team. At the same time, our counterparts were also doing the same thing. Each one in their team had a dedicated assignment. And most importantly, they did quite well on setting the goal clearly at the beginning that they want to collaborate with us to create the biggest pie. Thus, by setting this tone, our negotiation situation was more like a team based collaboration work to find the best interest for both sides instead of negotiating and fighting for better interest for different sides. I really liked the atmosphere created during this negotiation, that you felt you have your own teammates to support you and also you can sense the teamwork spirit from everyone’s effort. However, I also had to admit that during this negotiation, our team made a unintended mistake by saying that we had a maximum run of 7 times instead of 8 runs. It is actually a miscommunication within our team because the people that delivered this message thought that we were allowed them to run under 8 times. Thus when the rest teammates found his mistake, we did not know how to fix it. Because first of all, we didn’t want to embarrass own teammate in front of our counterparts, secondly, we didn’t know if it’s his own strategy to set the maximum runs to 7 at that time. And due to this miscommunication within the team, we didn’t get the best ideal net value for both teams. Overall, I like this team based negotiation experience very much. The key learning for me from this case is there are definitely many synergies when negotiate as a team. And the internal communication and collaboration skills are quite important. If I were in a real and serious negotiation situation, I believe the effort I would put within the team to align our negotiate strategy would be no less than the effort we put on our counterparts. At the same time, I learned that since I am not an aggressive people, it actually good for me to team with some one who is more demanding than me. For example, our team first offered a price that I believe I would never offered if I negotiated alone. And because I was in a team at that time, I felt more confortable because you knew you have a whole team to support you. Given my personality, I think in the future, if I have to negotiate alone, I could seek for my colleague’s support/advice before to get a better outcome. Federated Science Fund I played the role of Turbo in this case, and before we started to negotiate, my original tactic was that I first allied with one of my counterparts, once we had the alliance, it can increase our barging power dramatically. But I also tried to be a nice person, so I mentioned at the beginning of the negotiation that I preferred that all three of us all get the funding. My partners also thought in the same way. So we quickly rule out other options and focus on how to divide the total $480,000. Once we started to discuss the funding allocation, my partner Michael Petro really impressed me because of his innovative point. He proposed to approach this negotiation case from a very different angle: we should act as moral citizens, thus we emphasize the importance of developing cancer and AIDS drugs to the entire world. Actually he played the rule of Stockman in this case, thus he could easily get the highest funding in our team. But he mentioned that since his company needed the funding least, and it mainly produced basic products, he believed it would be more meaningful if Turbo and United get the funding. After he set this tone, our negotiation was toward a new direction: how to protect Stockman’s interest if he gave us most of the funding. And we came up with the idea of allowing Stockman to purchase our companies’ equity at a discounted price. Although we solved this case quite efficiently, I think I could do better and protect my own interest more in the discussion of how United and I would divide the funding. In this case, Unite and I each got $235,000, and we have the same equity sales terms with Stockman. We got this kind of equal result mainly because both my partner and I were try to be nice to each other and were also influenced by Stockman’s moral standard. Thus even I knew that I actually in a better position to argue for and really wanted more funding, I didn’t do that because I didn’t want to be perceived as the only greedy person in my team. Thus I think since I am a person very easily be influenced by others, if I want to get a better outcome in the future, I should let my partners know my expectation at the beginning of the negotiation. From this case, the most meaningful learning for me is that I could think out of the box sometimes. Also this case reminds me that even in the real business world, the economic interest may not be the only thing you need to consider. In this case, we talked about the big impact of cancer and AIDS drug research to the entire world. As I will do healthcare consulting job in China after graduation, I think it is particular useful for me. When I need to delivery any recommendation to my clients in the future project, I should not only thinking/talking about their financial gains/losses, but also keep in mind about the social impact of my recommendation.